Agro Export Basics For Beginners

With dwindling oil revenue in Nigeria, instability of crude oil prices, scarcity of FX and import irregularities and instability, price instability etc, there is a massive shift by investors into the non-oil sector investments and exports.

The Nigerian export business and investment is driven primarily by the Agricultural commodities and the mining sector.

This article intends to provide a basic export education for the Agricultural export for intending and prospective exporters.

First of all, do your homework and know yourself. Realize that it is a commitment for a long, long term. Know your strengths and go for it. Outlined below is a guide to export trade:

An overview of Export Trade

Categories of Exporter

 
You can export Products/Services from Nigeria under the following categories:

– Merchant

– Agent

– Producer/Manufacturer

Challenges

 
As a beginner in the trade, you may experience some challenges. Some of which are:

(i) Lack of product and Market information

(ii) Logistics Management of export trade

(iii) Non conversant with export procedures and documentation

(iv) Lack of access to fund to start export business

(v) Lack of export culture

How to develop an export culture

(i) Start attending workshops/seminars/conferences to acquire export knowledge and

(ii) Focus on one or two commodities.

(iii) Get extensive education and training and investment information on commodities of interest.

(iv) Pick up trial contract and begin to export.

To start exporting, individuals, companies/cooperatives should seek further understanding on the following subjects:-

• Registration with NEPC as an exporter

• The Export Quotation

• Product sourcing

• Market knowledge

• Funds Sourcing

• Making An Export Offer

• Payment methods

• Export Documentations

Other information required are:

• PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION OF EXPORTS (NESS)

• INCOTERMS 2010

• ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme

Illustration

 
For instance, Mr. X, a successful manufacturer has been in business for about fifteen years. He is turning out a good product; it is selling well in Nigeria; and he would like to extend his plant and increase his production. But to do this, he needs more customers. He has an idea.

Why not look for those new customers in foreign markets as well as at home. This will not only help him, but will bring into his country more of the foreign exchange that it needs.

At this point, he is taking the first step towards becoming an effective exporter – because exporting begins with a state of mind. It is not, or should not be a casual business. A businessman should enter upon an export campaign with energy and determination and with the intention of persevering in it. If he views foreign markets merely as a place to get rid of occasional surpluses, he is an in-and-outer, who makes no enduring impression. Worse, he can damage his country’s reputation as a reliable international trader.

A businessman usually cannot or will not turn into a successful exporter within weeks or even months. It will probably take much longer. But the time and care taken to select the right product and the right place or places for an initial export venture can minimize the risk and make ultimate success quicker and more certain.

Exporting does begin with a state of mind – a state of mind that a firm’s management must share. The management must believe in this importance of exporting, and must realize that it is wise and will be profitable to diversify it markets. 

To start with, it must ensure that export orders always receive the same attention as domestic orders; that money is set aside for research into markets, travel, and promotion; that knowledge about foreign markets is systematically acquired and kept up-to-date. At some stage, it may even consider allocating a certain amount of production to export, and then prepare to go out and sell.

AGRICULTURAL EXPORT COMMODITIES SOURCED FROM NIGERIA.
– Cocoa

– Local Food Stuffs ( Note that restrictions exist for some countries)

– Cassava Starch

– Gum Arabic

– Raw Cashew Nuts

– Ginger

– Dried Hibiscus leaves

– Kola nut

– Bitter kola

– Garlic

– Sesame Seed

– Rubber

– Cotton

– Hides and Skin

– Fresh Vegetables

– Charcoal (Recently banned)

– Wood & Timber

There are so much more. You need to do a thorough research on a particular commodity of interest. Ensure you get proper investment education and a well researched business and investment fact file on each sector of interest.

In conclusion, like earlier stated, you won’t become an exporter just by reading this article or by attending a one or two day workshop. It is a journey that starts with getting the required education first and information. Develop a clear business and funding plan and above all find those who have been into the export business to mentor you.

Article written with references and inputs from the NEPC Export for beginners’ fact sheet.

Investment Opportunities in Gum Arabic

Gum Arabic is a perennial tree found growing wild in large commercial quantity in the northern parts of Nigeria. However, when cultivated it takes about 5years to mature. At maturity, the tree when struck or pierced with sharp metal object like knife, oozes out whitish sticky sparkling substances.

The raw gum command high commercial value both local and international.

Nigeria produces less than 30 per cent as Sudan produces about 70 per cent, leaving about 30 per cent for Nigeria and other gum Arabic producing countries of Mali, Senegal, Chad and Niger Republic.

It is generally believed that Nigeria’s actual production of gum Arabic does not reflect her potentiality.

SOURCING

 
Some of the Gum Arabic producing states in Nigeria includes; Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, Jigawa, Gombe, Taraba, Plateau, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, Nasarawa ,Niger and Zamfara. Though Borno and Yobe states are the major producers in Nigeria.

PRODUCTION STATISTICS

 
Nigeria is the leading producer of Gum Arabic in West Africa. Nigeria currently produces about 20,000 MT of gum Arabic annually ranking second in the world.

PLANTING SEASON

 
Sowing is done early in May in order to ensure adequate development of the seedling before transplanting in July.

USES

 
Gum Arabic is used as thickener, suspender, emulsifier, stabilizer, flavour carrier, binder and encapsulating material.

In addition, it is used in confectionaries, food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and chemical industries.

The gum has binding or adhesive properties and as such is used as a good emulsifying agent. It is therefore most useful to pharmaceutical, food, and beverages flavourings, dairy and ice cream, cosmetics and the confectionary industry.

LOCAL PRICE

 
The local price of gum Arabic grade I ranges from about N170,000 to 200,000 /MT.

EXPORT MARKET

 
The major markets for the product are: Belgium, China, USA, U.K and Japan.

PROCESSING

 
The processing technology is relatively simple and involves the following: sorting, crushing, dispersion in water, purification or straining, precipitation, separation or centrifuging with alcohol. Drying, milling or spray granulation.

The application of the right machinery in this process will yield a high grade of the refined gum Arabic powder or granules capable of meeting the international trade grading standard.

HARVEST

 
Gum Arabic is harvested during the dry season because during the rainy season, no gum is formed since the trees are in full bloom. The dry season lasts from October to June and the gum is collected every 10 days during this period. After collection, the gum is brought from the farms and stands to villages from there it’s transported to market.

STORAGE

Gum Arabic should be in clean, cool dry place. It does not deteriorate due to long storage under such favorable condition. However, if stored where rain can affect it, the gum becomes hardened and darkened in colour, and this can affect its quality.

PACKAGING

 
All gum for export must be packed in double Bagco type bags. The outer bag should be new and sound. Used bag may serve as inner bag, but it must be clean, dry and strong.

GUM ARABIC INVESTMENT SUMMARY

In conclusion, investment opportunities exist for Gum Arabic in Nigeria under the following value chain;

– Production (Gum Arabic Farming)

– Gum Arabic Processing

– Storage

– Gum Arabic Export

– Gum Arabic Packaging

Note: You can always approach the Agricultural Developement Bank for funding.

We have an article about them on our blog 

Nigeria: Made Holds Workshop On Cassava Livestock Feeds

The Department for International Development’s programme, Market Development for Niger Delta (MADE) has held a two-day workshop to build the capacity of livestock feed manufactures in Ondo State to enable them produce quality feeds from cassava grits.

While addressing the press in Akure, MADE’s Team Leader, Mr. Tunde Oderinde, said the workshop which was organised in conjunction with HarvestPlus and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) was expected to build capacity of processors to produce quality cassava grits which meet the requirement of feeds manufacturers.

Oderinde said the use of Cassava grits by livestock feeds manufacturers in the Niger Delta region would cut the cost of production of the feeds.

He said Cassava was known to produce 250,000 calories/hectare/day compared to 200,000 for maize, 176,600 for rice, 114,000 for sorghum and 110,000 for wheat hence the choice of the crop.

Calling on processors to embrace Cassava based feeds; Oderinde said cassava-based feeds were currently cheaper than the maize-based feeds especially in the face of escalating price of Maize in Nigeria.

“Amazingly, 1 metric ton of maize sold for N35,000-N40,000 last year now sells for N140,000 (About 250 per cent increase),” Oderinde explained.

He however said that the 2million Metric Tonnes (MT) of annual maize requirement by the poultry subsector of the economy could be substituted up to about 50 per cent by suitable cassava derivatives.

According to MADE’s Cassava Intervention Manager, Mr. Chyka Okarter , the preference for cassava grits by the poultry sub sector presents a potential opportunity for 1million Metric Tonnes (MT) cassava grits supply into the poultry feeds sector.

Okarter said the opportunity offers market linkage to cassava farmers and processors in a sustainable manner.

He explained that the use of cassava peels and the under sized roots for livestock grit will present an additional income to the processors and thus offset the effect of high cost of cassava roots.

Okarter lamented that about 14 million tonnes of Cassava by-products, including peels and under-sized tubers are thrown away as waste annually because of the dearth of information and knowledge of the proper technology to produce cassava products of guaranteed quality that will meet the procurement requirements of the mills.

“It is therefore imperative, based on the current demand from the poultry subsector for investors to explore and achieve the right product for the industry and also sustain their commercial interests as well,” Okarter said.

Jigawa Govt partners AFDB to develop irrigation scheme

The Jigawa Government says it will partner with the African Development Bank (AfDB) to upgrade the Hadejia Valley project, to encourage irrigation activities.

Gov. Badaru Abubakar said this on Tuesday in Hadejia at a civic reception organised by a youth group, Badaru Youth Progressive Association.

Abubakar said that the state government and the bank would sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the project.

He said that under the agreement, additional hectares of farmlands, channels and tube wells would be provided to expand the scope of the project.

“We have reached progressing stage in talks with AfDB. We will clear blocked channels, construct new ones and open up more lands to farmers.

“This is to provide lands for cultivation and enhance effective utilisation of water and agricultural resources,” he said.

Abubakar added that his administration had adopted proactive measures to enhance farmer-support services, to encourage agricultural processing, add value to the produce and farmer enterprising skills.
The governor commended the community leaders for sensitising and mobilising their people toward their participating in agriculture, adding that the trend would encourage food production and enhance wealth creation in the state.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the Hadejia valley project was initiated by the Shehu Shagari’s administration to encourage irrigation activities, enhance fishery and water supply to communities.
However, only 5, 000 out of the projected 25, 000 hectares of farmlands were developed under the project in the last 30 years and 3, 000 hectares of lands cultivated by farmers.

Our rice’ll be sold at N13,000 per bag

Lagos State Government has pledged to make rice available to residents at a reduced cost of N13, 000 per 50kg bag.

The Lagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode, disclosed this on Thursday during the 2016 Agricultural Summit organised by the Agricultural Sectoral Group of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Ambode, who spoke through his  Special Adviser on Food Security, Mr. Ganiyu Okanlawon, said the state had entered into a partnership with Kebbi State Government to produce ‘Lake Rice’ which would be made available to consumers at N13,000 per bag in the coming weeks.

Speaking during the programme with theme ‘walking hand-in-hand to move agriculture forward,’ Amobode disclosed that his government had also established a department of  agribusiness in the Ministry of Agriculture, an agricultural trust fund and the first commodity exchange market in Nigeria.

In his opening remarks, the President, LCCI, Dr. Nike Akande noted that the agricultural sector was expected to play a pivotal role in the nation’s quest for diversification through increased non-oil earnings, job creation and foreign exchange earnings.

“These are needed to drive the economy towards the path of recovery from recession,” she said.

Citing data from the National Bureau of Statistics, Akande noted that even after the recent rebasing of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product, agriculture still accounted for a large share of its economic activities.

She urged the government to do more in terms of providing enabling business environment where private sector businesses could thrive, adding, “The development of a good rail network to facilitate the movement of agro produce to markets cannot be overemphasised.”

How dollar rush by farmers fuelled fears of famine

There are fears of looming famine in the country. And this is not unconnected to the huge desire by farmers to earn dollars.

Recently, it was gathered that grains and other farm produce became scarce in the country after farmers decided to take their produce across the borders for sale to earn dollars, thereby starving the local market.

The President of the Poultry Association of Nigeria, Dr. Ayoola Oduntan, attributed the high cost of poultry feed to the scarcity of maize and soya beans.

He said, “The price of feed has gone up; and feed is the most important component of production. For instance, in egg production, the feed is the most expensive part. What makes up the feed is maize, 40-50 per cent; and soya beans, 20-30 per cent.  So, 70 per cent of the cost of production is made up of feed.

“Now that is the beginning of harvest, when the price of maize is supposed to be at its lowest, we are currently buying maize at N120,000 per tonne. Soya beans used to be between N80,000 and N100,000 per tonne; now, it is N140,000 per tonne. When it was N80,000, we thought it was too expensive.”

However, recently, the Federal Government came out to allay the public fears over famine, assuring the people of sufficient mechanisms to achieve food security in the country.

The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Chief Audu Ogbeh, who gave the assurance, said the Federal Government had engaged in the buy- back of assorted grains under the Guarantee Minimum Price Programme for restocking of strategic silo complexes.

He also said that farmers in some states of the federation had already commenced preparation for the dry season farming to ensure adequate food security across the country.

He added that the government was poised to make farming an all-year business by creating dams and lakes in every part of the country to support irrigation system.

He noted that crops would thrive and yield better through the irrigation system.

He said, “Nigerians have no reason to panic; we have made arrangement for some states to start planting so that we have second crops by April.”

Ogbeh disclosed that Nigeria had signed an agreement with the government of Morocco on local production of fertilizer, with a target of one million tonnes. This would boost food production in the country.

He added that the introduction of soil-specific fertilizer application, developed by the ministry, would go a long way in increasing high crop yield.

According to him, a total of 30,000 slots have been allocated to the ministry under the N-power scheme of the Federal Government.

This, he said, would enable the people to be trained under the agricultural development programmes as agriculture extension workers and they would serve in their respective local government areas.

Ogbeh added that the ministry had acquired 110 various capacities of rice mills of 10 tonnes, 20 tonnes, 50 tonnes and 100 tonnes per day for distribution to cluster farmers to boost rice production and milling capacity in the country as a way of attaining food sufficiency.

The minister admitted that for the first time in the history of Nigeria, the country was witnessing strong purchase of grains from as far as Namibia and other countries, which signalled a challenge to the nation as well as a benefit to Nigerian farmers.

He, however, stressed that the market forces would be stabilised through an increase in local production of food commodities

FG assures of self-sufficiency in rice production in 2018

The Federal Government has assured of self sufficiency in rice production in 2018 through the implementation of right policies aimed at boosting agricultural production in Nigeria.

Addressing participants at the 3rd edition of the Rice Investment Summit anchored by the Nepad Business Group Nigeria in Abuja, the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Chief Audu Ogbeh said that Food sufficiency was a major goal of the Federal Govt.

He said the Federal Government has put in place an Agric Promotion Policy (APP) which sets a target for self sufficiency in rice production for 2018.

Represented by the Director of Agricultural Development in the Agric ministry, Mr. Obinna Opara, Chief Ogbeh in a Keynote Address, expressed delight that Nepad Business Group Nigeria had brought key actors together to chart a way forward for rice production which he described as a critically important staple.

He also reeled out implementation strategies for government’s auspicious drive.

Earlier, the Chairman, Nepad Business Group Nigeria, Mrs. Nike Akande, represented by the group’s top official, Mallam Abu Aliu stressed that the 3rd edition of the Rice Investment Summit was geared to build on the success of the previous editions. She also highlighted the crucial need for diversification of the economy which rice production could fill.

Also speaking, Mr. Dosumu Oluwole the Acting Head, NEPAD Business Group Nigeria Secretariat expressed his appreciation to all who graced the occasion and used the occasion to restate the resolve of the NEPAD Business Group Nigeria to continue to intervene and partner with other stakeholders in the rice value chain to help bring transformation to the economy of Africa.

The theme for the event was: 2018 Self Sufficiency in Rice Production: Opportunities Challenges, and the Road Ahead – Stimulating Production with the Right Policies, Practices and Technologies.

Lagos to train youths in agro-business

The Lagos State Government says it is set to partner the National Images Incorporation to train 5,700 youths in agro-business.

The Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Local Government and Community Affairs, Mr. Olakulehin Dapo, said the government was ready to support the scheme to enable youths in the state to be self-reliant.

He said, “The state government is supporting the scheme by sensitising all councils in the state to collaborate with the National Images Incorporation on the execution of the training programme.”

The project Director, Mr. Bamigbade Oluwasheyi, said the training was aimed at providing youths with the necessary skills in agriculture.

“Over 5,700 participants from all the local government and local council development areas across the state are expected to participate in the training programme. They will be trained in best practices for catfish production, processing and marketing, as well as soilless vegetable production and marketing techniques,” Oluwasheyi said.

He  added that the training would guide the trainees on how to access credit facilities from cooperative societies.

How To Start A Profitable Goat Farming Business

One major form of animal farming that has not been adequately tapped by Nigerian farmers and agro investors is goat farming.

Everywhere in the world, goat meat has been rated high in nutrition and very important alternative to beef which has been noted to be a major cause of over accumulation of cholesterol. Goat meat is generally acceptable and consumed worldwide as a major table delight.

However, as nutritious as goat meat is, as desired as goat meat is,as marketable as as goat meat is, Nigerian investors and farmers are yet to adequately tap into this venture and reap the abundant profit therein.

Goat farming is unarguably a vast investment opportunity for any serious entrepreneur to make huge returns of profits on investment.

This is assured because goat meat has a very high demand than any other animal meat such as beef,chicken which have high concentrates of animal fats. An intensive investment in goat farming can also produce goat milk that is currently demanded for the production of cheese, butter, ice cream and yoghurt.

Also, in Nigeria, only a few supermarkets can boast of having goat meat for sale while beef and chicken are abundantly available. The demand is absolutely high. More so, the meat could be used for all kinds of delicacies ranging from Stew, Soup, Pepper Soup, Suya, the popular Isi-Ewu, etc.

These various forms of consumption have made its demand very high. It may interest us to know that in view of the afore mentioned high demand, about 60% of goats meant for consumption in Nigeria is imported form Niger Republic, 30% is realized from goat farms in the North while as little as 10% is realized from isolated goat farms across other parts of Nigeria.

Therefore, given the current campaign and advocacy for direct increase in Agriculture, goat farming is a sure way for increased productivity and boost in the employment generation drive of the nation.

It may also interest us to know that goat farming has a capacity to increase the revenue base of a nation as it has proven in some countries to be the major source of family income, where families produce averagely per family about 500 to 700 goats annually.

The cumulative results of this is that the families as goat farmers produce beyond the consumption capacities of such nations. When this happens, there is enough for export which thereby result in foreign exchange earnings.

With the availability of grazing land in Nigeria,we can have goat farming investors that could produce more than the local market demand in Nigeria. That would be a direct foreign exchange earning. This means there is a huge untapped market potential for goat farming. 

Why wait when this opportunity is there? Why choosing to be unemployed when you can earn much from goat farming. YES YOU CAN ! Invest in goat farming now and reap high profits.

HOW TO START A GOAT FARM

 
There are basic things an investor or a farmer must consider adequately in setting up a goat farm. Such things include:

(1) GRAZING LAND

 
A farmer must acquire a pasture as grazing land for his goats. Goats need good pasture because they eat quite a variety of grasses, weeds, leaves and plants. They also tend to eat these and other varieties at different seasons. 

Although, other formulated animal feed could be used, it is more advisable and cheaper to allow goats on a grazing land and natural pasture.

It is important to also know that goats like roaming and they eat while moving. This therefore means that we must strive to acquire space for their natural grazing. 

The land considered for acquisition here , however depends on the number of goats one wishes to keep in his farm. 

We need to keep a maximum of 20 goats in an acre of land This space is necessary because goats like to move about in spacious environment. 

They like to move away from each other. For the farmer, it is also necessary to disallow over crowding because over crowding would aid disease contamination and spread. Therefore to keep 600 goats, we need about 30 acres of pasture ground.

(2) FENCING.

 
Fencing is another major thing to be considered in goat farming. Once the land has been acquired, it is highly necessary to fence it . Although , some farmers may decide to construct perimeter short block fence round the pasture ground, it is however recommend to use barb wire to fence the farm. This would allow adequate exposure to natural ventilation. 

The barb wire fence is also more protected against external predators like carnivorous beasts. This fence should be about 1.3 to 1.5 meters high. With this, the goats cannot successfully climb over the fence.

PROVISION OF REST HOUSE

 
Goat generally like to rest after eating . And in doing so, they like to move over to a comfortable place in the farm to rest, just as humans like to rest after work. Goats do not like to stay in the rain or remain in a hot atmosphere in a sunny day. 

Also, when the weather is too cold for them, they move over to a more favorable place. This is why housing is a major consideration.

VETERINARY OFFICER(S)

 
There is the need to ensure the availability of veterinary services . You may need to hire a veterinary officer who will daily monitor the well being of the goats and administer the necessary medication if the need arises . You could also arrange a contact with a veterinary officer, who would from time to time visit your farm to assess your goats. The method adopted here is largely dependent on the number of goats in the farm.

PROFIT MARGIN IN GOAT FARMING.

 
It has already been established that there is a wide profit margin in goat farming. I want to state that one can start small ,but this business has a limitless capacity of expansion. Assuming one starts this business at a small scale of about 420 goats , a matured goat for harvest for sale is sold at about N15, 000. 

If you produce 400 goats at N15,000 ( assuming you lost 20 goats to mortality) you would realize N6,000,000. That is , 420 minus 20. This leaves us with 400 goats. Then, multiply 400 by N15,000. 

Assuming you incure as high as N1,000,000 as costs of purchasing kid goats ,feeding and medication, you would have made a profit of N5,000,000. 

That means after about 2 years of establishing this business , your money making venture is sure and guaranteed. N5,000,000 annually puts you at a monthly salary of about N400,000.

This is indeed a business with high profit on return. It is also less time consuming and you can engage in other businesses while doing goat farming.

Thinking of starting a goat farm? Yes ! Take the step to start. This is the right time. Let your farm take off in January. Prepare for it now. It is simple and stress free. At your request, we can help you prepare a feasibility report and business plan to properly take off. Why feasibility report? This will enable you to know the A to Z about Goat Farming, approach a Micro Finance Bank or Agric Development Bank in case you need a loan which would not be much. A business plan would also act as a working guide on stages of this business.

How to effectively store seed crops

One of the major challenges confronting farmers in the country is their inability to properly store seed crops, which is responsible for aflatoxin and moulds in stored crops.

In order to effectively tackle the issue, the Nigerian government in the recently released Agriculture Promotion Policy said that N66 billion had been allocated for the establishment of 33 silo complexes, 25 grain aggregation centres and 9 units of Blumberg warehouses, which have now been privatised by way of concession.

Dr. Samson A. Odedina, Provost of the Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, advises that farmers only keep clean seeds in stores. He said most of the insect pests start from the field and are carried to stores and warehouses.


Best ways to store

Dr. Odedina stated that the type of storage depends on what you are using the grains for; whether it is for re-planting immediately, for feed, short-term storage or long-term storage, and on the volume of the produce to be stored.

He advised farmers keeping grains in stores and warehouses to maintain good ventilation in order to prevent humidity build-up or contamination.

An Agricultural Economist from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Dr. Abdoulaye Tahirou, explained that non-chemical storage ensures no residue is left in the produce thus ensuring food safety and saving farmers from incidences of crop ban at global markets.

“Non-chemical storage can save the situation of produce being banned, you actually see that Purdue Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) bag is the solution for small holder farmers,” he said.


The Improved Cowpea Storage (PICS) bag technology

Abdoulaye explained that the PICS bag is a three layered plastic bag that is recommended for farmers for storing their produce, adding that each PICS bag gives farmers the opportunity to store grains properly without using chemicals.

Speaking further, he pointed out that PICS bags initially designed as a solution storage method for cowpea (beans) were experimented with other grains by farmers and they proved very successful. He explained that the success rate is 100% guaranteed provided there are no holes on the bag.

Ahmad Idris, Block Extension Supervisor for Tudun Iya Funtua Zonal Office Katsina State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (KTARDA), said, “Information about PICS bags is not well circulated to farmers, they are not easily convinced to accept new technology,” he noted.

“This is the best storage method you can use to store grains, Kenya has been using these bags and they have proven to be very successful. We have recorded about 80% success rate using the PICS bags,” he said.
Ahmad, however, lamented that farmers still use harmful storage chemicals like ‘Gamalin A’ despite warnings by extension agents.


The appropriate moisture level required

Ahmad Idris, said moisture is one of the major causes of storage losses as such grains should be properly dried before they are kept so as to eliminate the avenue for microorganisms to thrive.

Speaking on moisture level, Abdoulaye said, moisture content of grains has to be anywhere between 10% and 12% and can be measured by taking a grain and putting it in your teeth, if it cracks its dry.

Ahmad said silos which are relatively the best storage method are not available to majority of farmers due to high cost of constructing them, as such they store grains the traditional way.

A farmer, Malam Abba, said he uses the normal storage bags for storing his grains. He said to prevent termites’ attack they used powdered insecticide to protect the grains.

He added that some people mixed some chemicals which is also very effective and that the mixtures are readily found in market.