Cashew Cultivation

CASHEW VARIETIES
 
There are three main varieties which are Brazilian cashew, Chinese cashew and Indian cashew. Brazilian cashew is mostly grown in Nigeria.


LAND PREPARATION AND PLANTING
 
Selection of planting material is most important in cashew cultivation. Cashew is highly cross pollinated and vegetative propagation is mainly recommended on commercial scale to produce true to type planting materials.

The field should first be cleared off its vegetation, after which it should be ploughed and harrowed. The nuts can be sowed 3 – 4 per hole or raised in nursery and transplanted in the field. After the establishment, the plants are thinned to one healthy and vigorous plant per stand.

Cashew can be propagated by seedlings, air layers and softwood grafts. Field establishment of air layers has been found to be poor. Hence softwood grafts, which give a high rate of establishment and early flowering, are recommended for planting


I. PROPAGATION BY SEEDLINGS

Selection of mother trees
 
Selected mother trees should be of Good health, vigorous growth and intensive branching habit with panicles having high percentage of hermaphrodite flowers. The trees should bear nuts of medium size and weight (5-8 g/nut) with an average yield of 15 kg nuts per annum and 7-8 nuts per panicle.

Selection of nuts

Select mother trees in February and collect seed nuts in March-April. Select good, mature, medium sized nuts.

Raising seedlings
 
Raise seedlings in polythene bags during May. Soak seed nuts in water for 18 to 24 hours to hasten germination. Sow the pre-soaked seed nuts in polythene bags filled with garden soil at a depth of 2-3 cm with the stalk end up. Seeds germinate in seven to ten days.


II. PROPAGATION BY AIR LAYERING
 
Prepare air layers during February-March, so that they will be ready for planting in June-July. Select 9-12 months old pencil-thick terminal shoots. Remove carefully a strip or ring of bark, 0.6 to 1.2 cm thick by using a sharp knife without injuring the underlying wood.

Wind a string around the cut area and cover it with moist moss or wood shavings or sand and saw dust mixture or ordinary potting mixture and wrap round with 150-200 gauge polythene film of size 23 x 15 cm.
Secure loose ends of film with jute fibre.

When roots emerge from the ringed portion in 40-60 days, give a ‘V’ cut at lower end of treated shoot. After about 15 days, deepen the cut slightly. Cut and separate rooted shoot about 7 days later. Pot the layers immediately after separation from the tree into containers of size 15 x 15 cm made from coconut husk and keep them in shade. Avoid excessive watering.

Plant the layers along with the container in the prepared pits with the onset of southwest monsoon. Provide shade and mulch with dry leaves to reduce sun-scorch in tender plants. It is advisable to defoliate the layers two weeks before separation from the mother plant.


III. PROPAGATION BY GRAFTING / BUDDING
 
Different methods of grafting which includes; epicotyl grafting, softwood grafting, veneer grafting, side grafting, patch budding etc. have been tried in cashew with varying degrees of success. Among them, softwood grafting was found to be the best for commercial multiplication of cashew.


SOFTWOOD GRAFTING & NURSERY MANAGEMENT

Production of scion sticks
 
The scion bank should be established with the recommended varieties of the region. The plants should be planted in a closer spacing of 4 m x 4 m, in order to get continuous supply of scions and fertilized with recommended quantity of NPK during monsoon and tender shoots should be protected by timely sprays of insecticides.

The flower panicles should be cut off in order to get more number of scions. Pruning of trees may be carried out annually during September–October in the scion bank.
 
Selection of scion and precuring
 
Select non-flowered, 3-5 month old lateral shoots of current season’s growth. The selected scion sticks should be precured by clipping off leaf blades, leaving petiole.

The scion sticks can be detached from the mother tree after 8-10 days, before they sprout and utilized for grafting.
 
Collection of scion stick
 
Scion sticks should be dipped in water and placed in a polythene bag of 100 guage thickness and brought to the nursery shed for grafting. The scion sticks wrapped in sphagnum moss cloth and placed in a polythene bag of 100 guage can be kept for 3-4 days and used for grafting, if necessary.

Selection of seed nuts
 
Fresh seed nuts should be collected during the peak period of harvest in February-March and sun dried for 2-3 days. Medium sized nuts of 7-9 g should be selected in order to get uniform and vigorously growing seedlings required for soft wood grafting.

The sun dried, graded seeds should be treated with carbaryl (5g/Kg of seeds) before storing them in gunny bags or polythene bags.

Preparation of potting mixture
 
Prepare the potting mixture in the proportion of one part red soil, one part sand and one part compost in heavy rainfall areas and one part red soil, one part compost in low rainfall areas and mixed with little quantity of rock phosphate (10g/2Kg of potting mixture).

Sowing of seeds
 
The seednuts should be soaked in water for 12-24 hours before sowing in order to get good germination. At the time of sowing the soil should be moist and loosened in the polythene bag. Sow the seeds at a depth of not more than 2.5 cm and cover with little soil.

The seednuts usually germinate within 15-20 days after sowing. Seed bed may be mulched with paddy straw till germination takes place and partial shade may be provided during summer months. To control pests while seeds germinate, malathion 5% dust, or spraying of chloropyriphos (durmet 20 EC: 0.05%) should be applied.

Grafting
 
• The wedge of the scion is inserted into the cleft of the root stock to see that the cambial layers of both the root stock and the scion come in perfect contact with each other.

• The graft joint is secured firmly with 2.5 cm wide and 30 cm long polythene strip of 100 gauge thickness.

• A long and narrow HD polythene bag of 15 cm x 12.5 cm size and 100 gauge thickness is inserted on the grafted plant, tied at the bottom with a single knot in order to protect the scion stick from drying up.

• In places with high humidity the polythene cap need not be used.

• The freshly grafted plants are left in the nursery shed for about two weeks to encourage sprouting of the terminal buds.

• After two weeks the polythene caps are removed gently and the grafts are shifted to open condition in the nursery.

• Within 3-4 weeks, 70-80% of the grafts will sprout.

• Graft ready for planting within 5-6 months.

• The success in softwood grafting is more during the period from March to September under Kerala conditions.










 
MANAGEMENT OF CASHEW GRAFTS IN THE NURSERY
 
• Cashew grafts should be watered daily during dry periods.

• During rainy season, excess water should be removed.

• Plants in the nursery should be shifted at least once in a month to avoid penetration of roots in the ground.

• During summer months (January-May) grafted plants should be protected by providing partial shade by erecting pandal of dry coconut fronds or nylon nets.

• Bordeaux mixture spray (1%) may be given at 10 days interval during rainy season to control fungal infection of tender seedlings and grafted plants.

• Ekalux (1.5ml/litre of water) may be sprayed to control sucking insects and leaf eating caterpillars as and when the damage is seen.

• The flower panicles produced by the graft should be removed as and when observed in the nursery.

• The polythene strip should be removed from the graft joint after four months of grafting.

• The bottom leaves on the root stock should be removed after three months of grafting when scion leaves turn bronze colour to green.


MANURING
 
A fertilizer dose of 750 g N, 325 g P2O5 and 750 g K2O per plant is recommended for cashew. Apply 1/5th dose after the completion of first year, 2/5th dose during second year and thus reaching full dose from 5th year onwards.

Broadcast the fertilizer within an area of 0.5 to 3.0 m (15 cm deep) around the tree and incorporate by light raking.


INTERCROPPING
 
Pineapple is the most profitable inter-crop in cashew plantation in the early stages of growth. It can be planted between two rows of cashew in trenches opened across the slope.

Cashews can be inter cropped with arable crops such as soybean, cowpea, groundnut, melons and vegetables for some years.

It is not advisable to inter-crop cashew with corns because the crops can grow taller than the seedlings and cast shadows on them. The crops can also cause significant removal of soil nutrients.


PLANT SPACING
 
A spacing of 7.5 m x 7.5 m has been recommended for poor soils, and for rich, deep and coastal sandy soils a wider spacing of 10 m x 10 m is prescribed. In sloppy regions, the rows may be kept 10-15 m apart and the distance between trees within a row can be maintained between 6 and 8 m.


PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL
 
The young plants should be protected against tea mosquito bug and stem borer using eco-friendly strategies. The tea mosquito bug can be repelled by smoking the garden with organic residues during flushing, flowering and fruiting seasons, and by resorting to spraying with Pongamia oil (2 per cent) during the same phases of development.

The use of bio-control agents such as weaver ant may help in checking the tea mosquito bugs.


WEEDING
 
Manual and chemical weeding can be practiced. Manual weeding can be done at the seedling stage but after full establishment, herbicides can be used in the plantation. Contact herbicide is recommended, but the spray must not touch the leaves

Apply glyphosate 0.8 kg/ha, once in June-July. Depending upon the weed growth, weeding operation may be done during August-September.


HARVESTING

The fruits will be ready for harvest in about two months after fertilization of the flowers. The ripe fruits will drop off to the ground, which can be collected manually. The nuts can be separated from the apple, dried for two days and stored till they are dispatched to the markets.

The apple must be harvested and processed immediately because it is highly perishable and gets spoilt within few hours. It can be eaten fresh or processed into juice.

The nuts must be well dried in the sun before they are bagged and stored. Well dried nuts can be stored more than a year before they are shelled or sold.

Starting Up a Poultry Farm; Important Tips

Poultry farming has become one of the most important aspects of agriculture in Nigeria, because of its profitability.

With the recent global burst in population and a worldwide demand for food, people are now beginning to realize the potential of providing the most important basic need of man.

Poultry farming requires having the right knowledge to get the right result. It requires hard work and prompt attention to details.

In starting up a poultry farm the following are considered;

 

SELECTION OF BIRD AND AREA OF INTEREST

First is to decide on the area one would want to specialize on. There are basically three types of chickens. They are:

The pullets popularly known as Layers: Layers are reared for egg production and most lucrative but more stressing compare to the other once.

The Broiler Chicken: Broilers are reared for meat production; The Broilers grows very faster and are ready for sale at 12 weeks from hatch.

The third is the cockerel: This is also reared for meat production. . Cockerels grow slower and can take up to twenty four weeks before they are matured for marketing.

Cockerels are reliable in terms of survival and withstanding bad weathers. They are more resilient, and can absorb shocks far better than Layers and Broilers.

START UP CAPITAL INVESTMENT

Poultry farming is capital intensive; depending on the scale, location of farm and the type of management technology used. Like every other farming project, the bigger you plan to start the more investment required, scale is directly proportional to capital.

POULTRY LOCATION

A good location is vital to the success and profitability of a poultry farm. An ideal poultry farm should be sited where there’s a large availability of cheap land and at the same time, it should be close to areas with high population density.

A location in a very remote rural area will cost far less than that of an urban area.

It’s not advisable to site a poultry farm within a residential area because of the offensive odour it produces.

Poultry housing system determines up to 40% of the rate of success one would achieve in poultry farming. A good housing system is very important for a poultry farm.

 

The housing systems commonly used in poultry farming are-:

• Extensive system: Range and fold unit
• Semi Intensive system: Standard semi intensive unit and straw yard
• Intensive system: i. Deep litter, ii. Wire and slated floor, iii. Straw yard, iv. Battery cage

The following equipment’s are required for a poultry farm:

• Feeders
• Drinkers
• Perches
• Nests
• Crates
• Lighting system
• Waste disposal system
• Incubator
• Heaters or brooders
• Egg tray
• Cages and coops

FEEDING

Feeding is a major aspect of poultry farming. In fact, about 70% of expenses go to poultry feeding. There are two ways to go about feeding in poultry farming:

• Producing your feeds by yourself
• Buying already-made poultry feeds

For large commercial poultry farms producing feeds is advisable because it helps save a lot on feeding costs.

  

HEALTH

The birds need proper vaccines and medications to prevent diseases and promote growth.

MARKETING

Another factor to give consideration to is the marketing aspect of the poultry business.. Employing the right marketing techniques would help reach out costumers. Therefore, before starting a poultry business, marketing strategies which you would use to break into the market should be considered.

The target market for poultry are, restaurants, hotels, homes, bars, market, eateries etc.

NOTE: Most layers will start laying eggs the moment they are 18 weeks old but some wait till they are about 22 weeks old. Whichever way, Layer farming is considered the most lucrative of all poultry farming because two things are acquired from layers, they lay eggs which fetch good money in the market, and are equally sold for the meat.

A full crate of pullet eggs sells for about N600, while a crate of semi-pullet sells for N750 wholesale price. If your Layers are large enough to produce 10,000 crates of large eggs which sells for N750, you will be making at least N750 X 10,000 = N7, 500,000 From eggs alone!

The chickens is also another big gain! A fully grown chicken sells for between N1,500 and N2,500 (N1,500 to N2,000 at wholesale price) depending on the size and maturity level. Therefore, ten thousand chickens will give you N1, 500 x 10,000 = N15,000,000!

Opportunities Abound in Nigeria’s Rural Agriculture

Collins Apuoyo is the Team Leader for Propcom Mai-Karfi, a Department for International Development, UK (DFID) funded programme that works in Northern Nigeria. He was previously Market Group Director for Propcom and prior to that, had led three big programmes in other parts of Africa. In Zimbabwe, he led the Agricultural Revitalization Programme funded by DANIDA. He also worked in South Sudan to set up an agricultural development programme post-civil war in 2004. Before that, he was the Private Sector Development Advisor for DFID in Kenya. In this interview, he maintained that there are a lot of investment opportunities in Nigeria’s rural agriculture. Excerpts:

The underdevelopment of Nigeria’s agriculture does not negate the fact that opportunities lie therein. If you agree, what are the issues?

I’ll use three very specific examples that present opportunities for not only job creation, but for income earning as well. First, if you take for instance the shea crop, the bulk of Nigerian shea is picked in the wild and exported straight out of Nigeria into Ghana and other countries. 

The level of processing of shea is still minimal. Now if you could formalize the shea sector by creating opportunities for investors to invest in local processing of shea in this country, you could actually create quite a lot of value and opportunities and hence create jobs for people.

I still believe this is an area that could employ very many women if it could be formalised and not left to the whims of the brokers and exporters who exchange the shea with the farmer for almost nothing.

Secondly, let me focus on mechanisation. The reason why the bulk of the land in the North is not fully utilized is because there isn’t sufficient mechanisation. Land is large but people use traditional methods of land tillage and therefore, they can’t go far. 

Imagine if you could actually develop mechanisation services that employ the youth in the North to utilise the machines to till the land, one single tractor has the potential of employing three to four youths as operators in a season. Imagine those opportunities if you mechanise agriculture.

Also, consider the indirect employment that comes about because now you have opened more land, you need more hands to do the planting, weeding, harvesting and the knock on effects of that is massive. I think we haven’t exploited that sufficiently.

Nigeria has one of the best climates within the middle belt. I am told long ago, that Jos was a major producer of horticulture – vegetables and flowers – in this country. This is an opportunity just waiting to be revived. If you could create opportunities for horticulture, Nigeria could compete with East Africa on an equal footing.

So, to me, these are opportunities that could be exploited for job creation and incomes but the policies should be in place to incentivise genuine private sector to invest in these sectors and hence create employment opportunities.

Would you advice investment in agriculture in rural Nigeria because of the opportunities therein for both investors and the rural dwellers?

I think the type of investor that you would advise at the moment to invest in agriculture in Nigeria is one that is a big risk taker. I say this but I still believe that if there is any African country that is standing at the edge of the big breakthrough in agriculture, it is Nigeria. 

And for that matter, I would encourage any investor interested in investing in agriculture in Nigeria to step in. But be ready to deal with the policy inconsistencies, though there are opportunities in several areas; mechanisation, massive opportunity in agricultural inputs especially the seeds space, and fertilizer where Notore is already operating, there is big space.

What I see when I go into the supermarkets in Nigeria is that more than half of the fresh produce are imported. An investor in agriculture would just look at that and look at the population of the middle class in Nigeria and say ‘Bingo’! 

There is big opportunity here. So this needs to be backed by policy that enables people to invest in the long term; not short term quick wins, because when you have policies that encourage short term investment, then you encourage the wrong type of private sector involvement. You encourage those who are keen to come, rip off and move on.

When there is long term policy consistency, then you have those who invest in the long term who will build structures that then create what we call development.

So that there is not continual talk and no action, what is your message to the government?

I think the government has a great opportunity to actually relook at their Agriculture Transformation Agenda. We are at a time when the country is going through economic transition and I think that in any situation, that is the point at which the government needs to sit back and really look at some policies that can create quick wins for everyone and actually use the opportunity to cut back on some unnecessary investment that have not yielded much return and do not impact on the populace.

So, for me, this is a golden opportunity. It’s time to sit back and review past actions. For instance, the policy on fertilizer is a good policy but how it is implemented really matters. 

Can the government invest in a way that there is a clear exit plan? Can the government invest in a way that the incentive they put in place does not encourage the wrong investor but the right investor that has Nigeria’s future at heart? Can the policies be structured in a way that encourages local production rather than imports?

With the poor development in the rural areas, what opportunities can the dwellers there look out for?

There are always programmes being promoted in agriculturally productive areas. They must look out for these programmes, take advantage of them and learn a lot. Also, they must consider how they relate to the various cooperatives. 

While they must insist on how the cooperatives are run and how they are governed to avoid exploitation. Joining these cooperatives enhances their ability to bargain for inputs as well as sell their output, their farm produce.

Also very importantly, farmers should be in the forefront of blacklisting products, especially inputs – fertilizers and seeds – that do not work well for them. We must get rid of fake products from the market. It is the farmer who has the power to do that.

source: agronewsng

A MUST READ FOR EVERY INTENDING FISH FARMER

Fish farming like other business has its pros and cons.. And truthfully its a very lucrative and yet a money draining business..

I have read articles about how lucrative the business is and how to invest and reap millions.. All I do is just to laugh on reading such article.. All they want is just for u to buy their manual and make money.. Surprisingly most of them don’t have a farm of their own, they are computer farmers who don’t have any experience whatsoever in the business..

I know of farms within my area who have shut down their farms due to frequent loss over the years.. I was also considering shutting down myself after I lost close to 2 million naira, yeah u heard me TWO MILLION NAIRA, but after diligent study which took about a year I decided to give it my last shot..

I had to seek help from other farmers, but every farm I went to I noticed they where all also running at loss.. That was when I decided heading to songhai farms at benin republic.. At songhai I learnt all what I was suppose to know concerning fish farming, from how to hatch( spawning) to management, feed formulation and what have u..

I came back full of wisdom and found out what I did and did not do for for the failure of my farm.. First, if you have never started hatching on your own,my brother u have not started yet..so I carefully built my own hatching ponds and with what I learnt I gave it a shot and it was successful, I nurtured them to fingerlings stage and I got over THIRTEEN THOUSAND FINGERLING at my first try..


I selected the best 4000 fingerlings for stocking for the next 5 months and sold the rest.. This is one aspect for the failure of fish farmers.. Most hatchery selects the best (shooters) for themselves and sell runts to farmers, And we constantly feed these runts without attaining a reasonable wieght thereby loosing our hard earned money and waste our precious time..


IDENTIFYING RUNTS AS FINGERLINGS

If u still buy fingerlings from other farms please my brother follow the guidelines below so your investment does not go down the drain..

1. Only buy fingerlings from recommended farms, especially those who specialise in the production of fingerlings and juvenile..

2. Runts head seems to be whitish in colour, their body is thinner and is not proportionate in size to the head, they are like unfed children..

3. Buy fingerlings or juveniles only from farms who use male and female fishes (brood stock) equal to or above 1.5kg..

Like I said earlier on I sold the remaining 9000 fingerlings which I sold for 7 naira each and made 63000 naira hereby stocked the best 4000 (shooters) and I started raising them for the next 5 months..

Before I stocked the pond I disinfected it with “BLAGDON ANTI FUNGAI AND BACTERIA” by doing this u have cleared the pond against any fungai or bacteria present in the pond.. Sometimes u may stock and after a while they start dieing due to an outburst of disease present in the pond, so I advice all farmers to disinfect there pond using the afore-mentioned drugs..

After two weeks of stocking I started to sort them into sizes Big, medium and small.. My brother sorting is one essential activity u MUST do to save ur investment.. If u don’t sort only less than half of your fish will grow well and be ready for sale when most should be ready..

This is because its only the big and aggresive ones that will be eating most of the time and they are usually less than half of the entire stock you have in the pond.. But when u sort regularly most of the fishes will be of regular size and they can compete with themselves for food.. So they can all grow at the same pace..

 
PLEASE DONT TAKE SORTING LIKELY..

Sequel to these I stocked my pond with a thousand fish into four ponds ie I had four pond and stocked them with a thousand fish in one pond to make up for the four pond (4000)..

One other thing that makes us loose money is overstocking of your pond.. Your fishes will not grow.. Because the water gets polluted easily and this will cause the dissolved oxygen to be depleted in the water.. And when this takes place the fishes wount eat well their appetite for food will be lost.. So I guess a farmer should measure his pond well before stocking..


FEEDING YOUR FISH

You know feeding takes 70% of the total cost and there are no cut corners in feeding your fish..I tell farmers that “What you give to them that’s what they will become” and that’s a fact.. I have seen farmers that give their fishes Eba and the likes for them to gain weight, and its no surprise to me when they sell at a loss..

As long as you have right fish (like shooters) and u sort and don’t over stock my brother you can go ahead and feed them very well.. Let me tell u one deep truth when u stock the right fish(shooters) they can even eat less and yet grow bigger.. 

Now there are all sort of feeds available in the market from coppens,durante,multifeed,zeigler,aqua feed, ranan,vital feed etc..

When I started back then I was using coppens and there was a time I even bought a fake of it (coppens) but for some time now I have been using zeigler and I must say that I prefer zeigler to coppens.. I know most farmers will be raising eyebrow now but that’s a pure fact..

Infact I had a client that sells vale viva feed back then the company did an experiment of coppens, zeigler,multi feed and durante, she told me that ziegler came out top,but I wasn’t suprised because I had done my own finding too.. I find zeigler to be the best feed after using it.

Now if you don’t feed your fish regularly they will not grow .. And u should know the size of feed you give to them at the right time.. Feeding should be three times a day but at the third month feed them twice a day while ate the last month u full feed once a day..

At the third month farmers tend to switch to local feed and they sort for a good local feed… Back then I used local feed, I had a good combination but I found out that most of the ingredient are adultarated, especially the fish meal.. And fish meal is the main ingredient to produce a good feed and for rapid growth..

Some farmers include blood meal but I bet that majority of the so called blood meal are not they are sometimes burnt tyre.. I know right now u may be wandering but yes that’s the truth. Pardon me to use broken english abeg “dis my leg don waka because of this feed formulation wetin I see na only God know” Am not saying there aint no good ingredient out there but most of them are fake, and u feed your fish and realise that they don’t grow as expected..

So I stopped using local feed and I deviced a method that after three month I switch to VITAL feed.. If u compare the cost of vital feed and the local feed we spend time and energy on its not that big.. And truthfully vital feed is not an imported feed it is made here in nigeria so to me vital feed is also a local feed..

Some farmers may say we do local feed to reduce cost and I laugh at their ignorance.. It is better to go straight to the point than cutting corners and whereby you may still be cheated on the local feed.. When u have a good fish its better you feed them with quality to harvest quality..


CHANGE YOUR WATER

I have been to farms where the water is so polluted and stinks.. I wonder how such farmers reason.. Its just like putting 20 people in a single room and u shut the door and window what do u think will happen over time..

If u don’t change the water as at when due the environment of the fishes will be too polluted to encourage good feeding.. The fishes’ urine, faeces and dissolve excess feed pollute the water and they won’t eat well or digest the food because of polluted environment..


MARKETING YOUR CATFISH

At the fourth month my fish had attained an average of 1kg and 0.9 kg.. I was so fufilled because of the size and weight of the fishes.. I started contacting buyers and eateries and joints.  Some people advised me to sell at that time but I had a time of 5month..

Now, some farmers wait till harvest before they contact buyers and this is wrong because when the time of harvest has elapsed they keep feeding the fish and some may have depleted their money to feed the fished thereby allowing the fish to loose weight..

Some fish buyers ” iya eleja” are gold diggers.. They are very smart people that what to reap where they did not sow.. Most fish farmers have fallen prey to there heinous act..

I have had some bad experience with these exploiters.. Years back when they come to buy some of them bring charms (JUJU) along with them.. It sounds ridiculous but that’s some hidden truth..

There was this particular time I wanted to harvest some fish.  Buyers came to my farm (iya eleja) and one of them told me she wanted to pee so I instructed my worker to take her to d toilet but unknowingly she went to do some ritual right there in the toilet when she came out she said she wanted to look at the fish so I took her to the pond.. After I completely drained all the water.

They said that they can’t buy at the stipulated price again, I had to send them away but to my surprise when I wanted to pump water back to the pond guess what the pumping machine did not pump.. U may think its a coincidence but its not it was perfectly planned by them.. I began sourcing for water and I finally had to call them back.. Guess what as I was selling to them and needed water to add to there big bowls the pumping machine picked up..

I have heard so many stories by fish farmers about this women.. If u want to harvest look out for buyers before that time and check out the buyers in terms of character and composure.. Don’t allow any dick and harry into your farm all in the name of sale..

Before the buyers come u would have catch a fish as sample to show them and negotiate the price before anytin else… All what am saying may sound strange to some but its one of the hidden truth in catfish business.. Its better to get one good customer than a thousand..

At the fifth month with hard work keeping to details I attained 1kg and above.. The fishes where healthy and strong but it was not easy my brother..

I spent roughly 650,000 on feeding alone.. And I sold all for about 1,800,000.. BOY!!! I was fulfilled and very happy that yes I made it this time around.. So my net profit was roughly 1,000,000 if u subtract salary, fuel, drugs etc..

My fellow farmers and aspiring farmers fish business is no joke.. Its not what u toil with, its serious business.. Before u venture into it go and learn it practically.. Go to a good farm to see for yourself.. Majority of the people that claim to be in the business are thieves.. They have sugar coated mouth to lure people into it and take their money…

I had to squeeze out time to write this little piece for aspiring and practising farmers..

I am not here to sell any manual/books fingerlings or juvenile please.. Am here to answer any sort of question you need to know about catfish farming.. Feel free to ask me because I want the best for everybody, let’s share ideas and make money together rather than exploiting people… So am all ears to your questions.. GOD BLESS YOU ALL..

Sourced from: Nairaland 

Agro Export Basics For Beginners

With dwindling oil revenue in Nigeria, instability of crude oil prices, scarcity of FX and import irregularities and instability, price instability etc, there is a massive shift by investors into the non-oil sector investments and exports.

The Nigerian export business and investment is driven primarily by the Agricultural commodities and the mining sector.

This article intends to provide a basic export education for the Agricultural export for intending and prospective exporters.

First of all, do your homework and know yourself. Realize that it is a commitment for a long, long term. Know your strengths and go for it. Outlined below is a guide to export trade:

An overview of Export Trade

Categories of Exporter

 
You can export Products/Services from Nigeria under the following categories:

– Merchant

– Agent

– Producer/Manufacturer

Challenges

 
As a beginner in the trade, you may experience some challenges. Some of which are:

(i) Lack of product and Market information

(ii) Logistics Management of export trade

(iii) Non conversant with export procedures and documentation

(iv) Lack of access to fund to start export business

(v) Lack of export culture

How to develop an export culture

(i) Start attending workshops/seminars/conferences to acquire export knowledge and

(ii) Focus on one or two commodities.

(iii) Get extensive education and training and investment information on commodities of interest.

(iv) Pick up trial contract and begin to export.

To start exporting, individuals, companies/cooperatives should seek further understanding on the following subjects:-

• Registration with NEPC as an exporter

• The Export Quotation

• Product sourcing

• Market knowledge

• Funds Sourcing

• Making An Export Offer

• Payment methods

• Export Documentations

Other information required are:

• PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION OF EXPORTS (NESS)

• INCOTERMS 2010

• ECOWAS Trade Liberalisation Scheme

Illustration

 
For instance, Mr. X, a successful manufacturer has been in business for about fifteen years. He is turning out a good product; it is selling well in Nigeria; and he would like to extend his plant and increase his production. But to do this, he needs more customers. He has an idea.

Why not look for those new customers in foreign markets as well as at home. This will not only help him, but will bring into his country more of the foreign exchange that it needs.

At this point, he is taking the first step towards becoming an effective exporter – because exporting begins with a state of mind. It is not, or should not be a casual business. A businessman should enter upon an export campaign with energy and determination and with the intention of persevering in it. If he views foreign markets merely as a place to get rid of occasional surpluses, he is an in-and-outer, who makes no enduring impression. Worse, he can damage his country’s reputation as a reliable international trader.

A businessman usually cannot or will not turn into a successful exporter within weeks or even months. It will probably take much longer. But the time and care taken to select the right product and the right place or places for an initial export venture can minimize the risk and make ultimate success quicker and more certain.

Exporting does begin with a state of mind – a state of mind that a firm’s management must share. The management must believe in this importance of exporting, and must realize that it is wise and will be profitable to diversify it markets. 

To start with, it must ensure that export orders always receive the same attention as domestic orders; that money is set aside for research into markets, travel, and promotion; that knowledge about foreign markets is systematically acquired and kept up-to-date. At some stage, it may even consider allocating a certain amount of production to export, and then prepare to go out and sell.

AGRICULTURAL EXPORT COMMODITIES SOURCED FROM NIGERIA.
– Cocoa

– Local Food Stuffs ( Note that restrictions exist for some countries)

– Cassava Starch

– Gum Arabic

– Raw Cashew Nuts

– Ginger

– Dried Hibiscus leaves

– Kola nut

– Bitter kola

– Garlic

– Sesame Seed

– Rubber

– Cotton

– Hides and Skin

– Fresh Vegetables

– Charcoal (Recently banned)

– Wood & Timber

There are so much more. You need to do a thorough research on a particular commodity of interest. Ensure you get proper investment education and a well researched business and investment fact file on each sector of interest.

In conclusion, like earlier stated, you won’t become an exporter just by reading this article or by attending a one or two day workshop. It is a journey that starts with getting the required education first and information. Develop a clear business and funding plan and above all find those who have been into the export business to mentor you.

Article written with references and inputs from the NEPC Export for beginners’ fact sheet.

Investment Opportunities in Gum Arabic

Gum Arabic is a perennial tree found growing wild in large commercial quantity in the northern parts of Nigeria. However, when cultivated it takes about 5years to mature. At maturity, the tree when struck or pierced with sharp metal object like knife, oozes out whitish sticky sparkling substances.

The raw gum command high commercial value both local and international.

Nigeria produces less than 30 per cent as Sudan produces about 70 per cent, leaving about 30 per cent for Nigeria and other gum Arabic producing countries of Mali, Senegal, Chad and Niger Republic.

It is generally believed that Nigeria’s actual production of gum Arabic does not reflect her potentiality.

SOURCING

 
Some of the Gum Arabic producing states in Nigeria includes; Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Yobe, Jigawa, Gombe, Taraba, Plateau, Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, Nasarawa ,Niger and Zamfara. Though Borno and Yobe states are the major producers in Nigeria.

PRODUCTION STATISTICS

 
Nigeria is the leading producer of Gum Arabic in West Africa. Nigeria currently produces about 20,000 MT of gum Arabic annually ranking second in the world.

PLANTING SEASON

 
Sowing is done early in May in order to ensure adequate development of the seedling before transplanting in July.

USES

 
Gum Arabic is used as thickener, suspender, emulsifier, stabilizer, flavour carrier, binder and encapsulating material.

In addition, it is used in confectionaries, food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and chemical industries.

The gum has binding or adhesive properties and as such is used as a good emulsifying agent. It is therefore most useful to pharmaceutical, food, and beverages flavourings, dairy and ice cream, cosmetics and the confectionary industry.

LOCAL PRICE

 
The local price of gum Arabic grade I ranges from about N170,000 to 200,000 /MT.

EXPORT MARKET

 
The major markets for the product are: Belgium, China, USA, U.K and Japan.

PROCESSING

 
The processing technology is relatively simple and involves the following: sorting, crushing, dispersion in water, purification or straining, precipitation, separation or centrifuging with alcohol. Drying, milling or spray granulation.

The application of the right machinery in this process will yield a high grade of the refined gum Arabic powder or granules capable of meeting the international trade grading standard.

HARVEST

 
Gum Arabic is harvested during the dry season because during the rainy season, no gum is formed since the trees are in full bloom. The dry season lasts from October to June and the gum is collected every 10 days during this period. After collection, the gum is brought from the farms and stands to villages from there it’s transported to market.

STORAGE

Gum Arabic should be in clean, cool dry place. It does not deteriorate due to long storage under such favorable condition. However, if stored where rain can affect it, the gum becomes hardened and darkened in colour, and this can affect its quality.

PACKAGING

 
All gum for export must be packed in double Bagco type bags. The outer bag should be new and sound. Used bag may serve as inner bag, but it must be clean, dry and strong.

GUM ARABIC INVESTMENT SUMMARY

In conclusion, investment opportunities exist for Gum Arabic in Nigeria under the following value chain;

– Production (Gum Arabic Farming)

– Gum Arabic Processing

– Storage

– Gum Arabic Export

– Gum Arabic Packaging

Note: You can always approach the Agricultural Developement Bank for funding.

We have an article about them on our blog 

Nigeria: Made Holds Workshop On Cassava Livestock Feeds

The Department for International Development’s programme, Market Development for Niger Delta (MADE) has held a two-day workshop to build the capacity of livestock feed manufactures in Ondo State to enable them produce quality feeds from cassava grits.

While addressing the press in Akure, MADE’s Team Leader, Mr. Tunde Oderinde, said the workshop which was organised in conjunction with HarvestPlus and International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA) was expected to build capacity of processors to produce quality cassava grits which meet the requirement of feeds manufacturers.

Oderinde said the use of Cassava grits by livestock feeds manufacturers in the Niger Delta region would cut the cost of production of the feeds.

He said Cassava was known to produce 250,000 calories/hectare/day compared to 200,000 for maize, 176,600 for rice, 114,000 for sorghum and 110,000 for wheat hence the choice of the crop.

Calling on processors to embrace Cassava based feeds; Oderinde said cassava-based feeds were currently cheaper than the maize-based feeds especially in the face of escalating price of Maize in Nigeria.

“Amazingly, 1 metric ton of maize sold for N35,000-N40,000 last year now sells for N140,000 (About 250 per cent increase),” Oderinde explained.

He however said that the 2million Metric Tonnes (MT) of annual maize requirement by the poultry subsector of the economy could be substituted up to about 50 per cent by suitable cassava derivatives.

According to MADE’s Cassava Intervention Manager, Mr. Chyka Okarter , the preference for cassava grits by the poultry sub sector presents a potential opportunity for 1million Metric Tonnes (MT) cassava grits supply into the poultry feeds sector.

Okarter said the opportunity offers market linkage to cassava farmers and processors in a sustainable manner.

He explained that the use of cassava peels and the under sized roots for livestock grit will present an additional income to the processors and thus offset the effect of high cost of cassava roots.

Okarter lamented that about 14 million tonnes of Cassava by-products, including peels and under-sized tubers are thrown away as waste annually because of the dearth of information and knowledge of the proper technology to produce cassava products of guaranteed quality that will meet the procurement requirements of the mills.

“It is therefore imperative, based on the current demand from the poultry subsector for investors to explore and achieve the right product for the industry and also sustain their commercial interests as well,” Okarter said.

Jigawa Govt partners AFDB to develop irrigation scheme

The Jigawa Government says it will partner with the African Development Bank (AfDB) to upgrade the Hadejia Valley project, to encourage irrigation activities.

Gov. Badaru Abubakar said this on Tuesday in Hadejia at a civic reception organised by a youth group, Badaru Youth Progressive Association.

Abubakar said that the state government and the bank would sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on the project.

He said that under the agreement, additional hectares of farmlands, channels and tube wells would be provided to expand the scope of the project.

“We have reached progressing stage in talks with AfDB. We will clear blocked channels, construct new ones and open up more lands to farmers.

“This is to provide lands for cultivation and enhance effective utilisation of water and agricultural resources,” he said.

Abubakar added that his administration had adopted proactive measures to enhance farmer-support services, to encourage agricultural processing, add value to the produce and farmer enterprising skills.
The governor commended the community leaders for sensitising and mobilising their people toward their participating in agriculture, adding that the trend would encourage food production and enhance wealth creation in the state.

The News Agency of Nigeria (NAN) reports that the Hadejia valley project was initiated by the Shehu Shagari’s administration to encourage irrigation activities, enhance fishery and water supply to communities.
However, only 5, 000 out of the projected 25, 000 hectares of farmlands were developed under the project in the last 30 years and 3, 000 hectares of lands cultivated by farmers.

Our rice’ll be sold at N13,000 per bag

Lagos State Government has pledged to make rice available to residents at a reduced cost of N13, 000 per 50kg bag.

The Lagos State Governor, Mr. Akinwunmi Ambode, disclosed this on Thursday during the 2016 Agricultural Summit organised by the Agricultural Sectoral Group of the Lagos Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

Ambode, who spoke through his  Special Adviser on Food Security, Mr. Ganiyu Okanlawon, said the state had entered into a partnership with Kebbi State Government to produce ‘Lake Rice’ which would be made available to consumers at N13,000 per bag in the coming weeks.

Speaking during the programme with theme ‘walking hand-in-hand to move agriculture forward,’ Amobode disclosed that his government had also established a department of  agribusiness in the Ministry of Agriculture, an agricultural trust fund and the first commodity exchange market in Nigeria.

In his opening remarks, the President, LCCI, Dr. Nike Akande noted that the agricultural sector was expected to play a pivotal role in the nation’s quest for diversification through increased non-oil earnings, job creation and foreign exchange earnings.

“These are needed to drive the economy towards the path of recovery from recession,” she said.

Citing data from the National Bureau of Statistics, Akande noted that even after the recent rebasing of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product, agriculture still accounted for a large share of its economic activities.

She urged the government to do more in terms of providing enabling business environment where private sector businesses could thrive, adding, “The development of a good rail network to facilitate the movement of agro produce to markets cannot be overemphasised.”

How dollar rush by farmers fuelled fears of famine

There are fears of looming famine in the country. And this is not unconnected to the huge desire by farmers to earn dollars.

Recently, it was gathered that grains and other farm produce became scarce in the country after farmers decided to take their produce across the borders for sale to earn dollars, thereby starving the local market.

The President of the Poultry Association of Nigeria, Dr. Ayoola Oduntan, attributed the high cost of poultry feed to the scarcity of maize and soya beans.

He said, “The price of feed has gone up; and feed is the most important component of production. For instance, in egg production, the feed is the most expensive part. What makes up the feed is maize, 40-50 per cent; and soya beans, 20-30 per cent.  So, 70 per cent of the cost of production is made up of feed.

“Now that is the beginning of harvest, when the price of maize is supposed to be at its lowest, we are currently buying maize at N120,000 per tonne. Soya beans used to be between N80,000 and N100,000 per tonne; now, it is N140,000 per tonne. When it was N80,000, we thought it was too expensive.”

However, recently, the Federal Government came out to allay the public fears over famine, assuring the people of sufficient mechanisms to achieve food security in the country.

The Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Chief Audu Ogbeh, who gave the assurance, said the Federal Government had engaged in the buy- back of assorted grains under the Guarantee Minimum Price Programme for restocking of strategic silo complexes.

He also said that farmers in some states of the federation had already commenced preparation for the dry season farming to ensure adequate food security across the country.

He added that the government was poised to make farming an all-year business by creating dams and lakes in every part of the country to support irrigation system.

He noted that crops would thrive and yield better through the irrigation system.

He said, “Nigerians have no reason to panic; we have made arrangement for some states to start planting so that we have second crops by April.”

Ogbeh disclosed that Nigeria had signed an agreement with the government of Morocco on local production of fertilizer, with a target of one million tonnes. This would boost food production in the country.

He added that the introduction of soil-specific fertilizer application, developed by the ministry, would go a long way in increasing high crop yield.

According to him, a total of 30,000 slots have been allocated to the ministry under the N-power scheme of the Federal Government.

This, he said, would enable the people to be trained under the agricultural development programmes as agriculture extension workers and they would serve in their respective local government areas.

Ogbeh added that the ministry had acquired 110 various capacities of rice mills of 10 tonnes, 20 tonnes, 50 tonnes and 100 tonnes per day for distribution to cluster farmers to boost rice production and milling capacity in the country as a way of attaining food sufficiency.

The minister admitted that for the first time in the history of Nigeria, the country was witnessing strong purchase of grains from as far as Namibia and other countries, which signalled a challenge to the nation as well as a benefit to Nigerian farmers.

He, however, stressed that the market forces would be stabilised through an increase in local production of food commodities